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    10 July 2021, Volume 42 Issue 07 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Manufacturing Labor Force in the Context of Ageing: Evidence from China
    LI Shuqin, WANG Haochen
    2021, 42(07): 3-17. 
    Abstract ( 448 )  
    Many countries and regions, including China, are facing the labor gap caused by population aging. The waning of the "demographic dividend" raises concerns about sustainability. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and industrial robots are believed to be able to replace labor to some extent. At present, the analysis of the replacement of labor force by advanced technology represented by industrial robots in the manufacturing industry focuses on the present situation and takes less consideration of the future. The scale of industrial robots in the future has not been taken into account, on the other hand, nor does it take into account the extent to which industrial robots can fill the labor gap in an aging population. Therefore, this study considers the changes in the scale of industrial robots and the extent to which the labor gap caused by the gradual decline of the working-age population in the context of population aging can be made up by the development of industrial robots.
    Firstly, the relationship between annual sales of industrial robots and labor skill ratio (LSR) in China was analyzed by regression method, and the demand and substitution effects of industrial robot development on different skilled labor forces were obtained. Secondly, according to the development scenarios of industrial robots in Germany, the United States and South Korea, the change of industrial robot scale in each scenario up to 2035 was calculated. Thirdly, based on this, the scale of unskilled labor force affected by the development of industrial robots in the future can be calculated. Finally, by analyzing the relationship between the size of unskilled labor force replaced by industrial robots and the labor gap related to population aging under different development scenarios of industrial robots, the influence of artificial intelligence on the labor gap and the support for sustainable economic development under the background of population aging are illustrated.
    The results show that, first of all, similar to previous studies, the size of replaced unskilled labor force has a significant positive correlation with the annual sales volume of industrial robots. Secondly, according to the simulation results, the scale of unskilled labor force replaced by the three scenarios will increase during 2020—2035 as the scale of industrial robots continues to increase. Finally, industrial robots based on a higher scenario of peak growth will replace more than 35 million workers in 2030-2034. The simulation results suggest that the gap in the labor force associated with an aging population over the same period of time can be almost completely filled.
    The research shows that under the current population policy, the aging related labor gap will lead to the gradual increase of the size of the retired population. However, no matter in which scenario the scale of industrial robots grows, unskilled labor can be replaced, so as to narrow this gap as far as possible to a certain extent.
    Therefore, it is necessary to encourage industrial automation and intelligent transformation and upgrading, and increase the use of industrial robots. The training of workers who have been transferred to new posts should be strengthened to realize the appreciation of human capital. Meanwhile, it is necessary to accelerate the localization and high-end level of industrial robots to create more jobs. So as to reduce the impact of industrial robot development on labor force, and finally achieve sustainable economic growth. In the future, it is necessary to obtain more detailed industrial robot scale and skilled labor force data by industry, and adjust the research results according to the changes of retirement policy.
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    Research on Technology Convergence Opportunity Discovery from the Perspective of Knowledge Genes
    WANG Yan, MIAO Hong, LI Xin, HUANG Lucheng, WU Feifei
    2021, 42(07): 18-34. 
    Abstract ( 173 )  
    How to discover technological opportunities from the process of cross-integration of technologies in multiple fields and predict innovative technology portfolio relationships is of great value to the R&D of new products and services for enterprises. In view of the existing research only identifying technological opportunities from a single technological field, as well as the limitations of traditional extrapolation methods, and the inaccuracy of results caused by data time lag, this research proposes to be oriented on functional requirements, realize future-oriented technology convergence opportunities research based on extensive acquisition of multi-domain technological solutions, and establish a systematic research framework for technological convergence opportunities from the perspective of knowledge genes. This framework regards technology as a knowledge gene, called "technological gene", takes user functional requirements as traits of technology gene expression, and uses the idea of screening target genes in genetic engineering to predict technological fusion opportunities from multiple fields and potential technological relationships, which improves the scientificity and accuracy of technological opportunity discovery. By constructing a technology gene bank and drawing a knowledge gene map to grasp the law of technology fusion, the uncertainty of the technology combination relationship in the process of technology fusion is overcome. The specific process is as follows: Firstly, the STM (Structural Topic Model) method is used to extract product functional requirements from online reviews as the traits of technical gene expression; Secondly, SAO (Subject-Action-Object) and TRT (Technology-Relationship-Technology) semantic analysis methods are integrated to extract the multi-domain technical genes from patents, obtain technical gene characteristic elements and complete the construction of gene bank. Drawing a technical gene map according to the emergence time of technology genes, exploring whether the evolution process of technology genes conform to the basic characteristics of knowledge genes, and verifying the scientificity and rationality of technology fusion from the perspective of knowledge genes; Finally, the STM method is used to identify the technology categories with fusion tendency in patents. Compare them with the technical gene characteristic elements in the gene bank, screen the target genes according to the screening principle. The screening principle is to select technologies that have not yet appeared in this technical field, but have the possibility of meeting product functional requirements or producing higher-quality fusion solutions, and have a tendency to convergence. The target gene here is a potential technological fusion opportunity. Integrate the target gene with the original technical solution of the product, develop a new fusion technical solution, combine expert knowledge to identify the feasibility of the fusion technical solution, and verify the technological fusion opportunity. Using elderly smart wearable fall alarm products as the research object, 85 target genes with prospects for fusion have been discovered, that is, 85 technological convergence opportunities. The results show that the introduction of knowledge genes improves the feasibility and effectiveness of the technological convergence innovation process. The prediction results are more accurate and practical; Obtaining future-oriented technology convergence opportunities from multiple fields can effectively solve practical problems and provide a systematic and reliable technology convergence innovation management theory and method for enterprises to conduct research and development of new products or services.
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    Research on the Co-creation Mechanism of Social E-commerce Brand Equity Value Based on User-generated Content
    WANG Shucui, XUAN Zhengnan, SUN Lan, WANG Hongli
    2021, 42(07): 35-52. 
    Abstract ( 166 )  
    The rapid development of the mobile internet technology has contributed to the increase in the internet user population in China. Mobile communication equipment has gradually become a common device for most internet users. Mobile social platforms have been favored by many users, and social e-commerce has shown a diversified development trend. As a new trend for consumers to participate in the value co-creation of social e-commerce, user-generated content will have an impact on the creation of corporate brand equity value, and it has practical value for the research on the co-creation mechanism of corporate brand equity value based on user-generated content. In addition, the academic research on value co-creation focuses on customer value, user participation, business model innovation, etc., but few scholars touch upon virtual brand communities and user-generated content. The value co-creation based on the user-generated content has potential academic research value. Through literature review of value co-creation theory, brand equity theory, and the concept on user-generated content, it can be found that user-generated content is a way for users to participate in the innovation in the digital economy era, which will have an impact on the generation of corporate brand equity value. Brand equity models, such as the Aaker model and the CBBE model, explain the influencing factors of brand equity from the perspective of consumers, and provide a reference for the establishment of a social e-commerce brand equity value co-creation mechanism model based on user-generated content. The model points out that the four stages of corporate brand equity are brand identity, brand connotation, brand response, and brand relationship. Each stage of the influencing factors have their own focus. In the digital economy era, consumer behavior will have an effect on enhancing the company's own brand effect. The SICAS model proposed by the Data Center of China Internet (DCCI) believes that users will generate five consumer behaviors in the social media environment, such as brand-user mutual perceiving, interest growing-interaction, connection-interactive communication, action-purchase and experience-sharing. Interactive sharing is an important part of users' participation in the innovation process. The corporate brand equity based on user-generated content has the following four characteristics: one is that social network has become a basic tool, the second is the integration of users and brands, the third is a mechanism for users to participate in value co-creation, and the fourth is the feedback circle which promotes brand value transformation. Evaluation, feeling, and sharing will have an impact on the corporate brand response. Interaction, as the last link of the feedback circle, has a positive effect on the corporate brand relationship. In order to verify the rationality of the model furthermore, the grounded theory is used to analyze the Xiaomi brand case. Through using NVivo 11 software, it's found that Xiaomi's culture on user's participation has laid the foundation for it to build its own brand equity. Xiaomi fans use Weibo, MIUI community and other online interactive platforms to deliver product information to Xiaomi. At the same time, they also send out recommendation signals to more potential users, which enables Xiaomi to obtain a better word-of-mouth effect with lower marketing costs, and the brand connotation became deeper, the brand response became stronger, and the brand relationship became more stable. Xiaomi collects users' opinions on products through social marketing, and transmits the information to its upstream suppliers to achieve personalized customization, and then production costs reduced, the brand identity became more prominent, and the brand connotation got deeper. The "brand equity value co-creation iron triangle" of Xiaomi dominated by interactive behavior shows that the user-generated content has a positive effect on the corporate brand equity value co-creation. It also shows that companies should change their cogitation and use interactive marketing through social network or other methods to strengthen corporate brand equity and achieve sustainable development.
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    How Does Regional Innovation Ecosystem Drive Innovation Performance?——A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on 31 Provinces
    TANG Kaiyi, OUYANG Juan, ZHEN Jie, REN Hao
    2021, 42(07): 53-72. 
    Abstract ( 190 )  
    Constructing regional innovation ecosystem has become a key strategy to achieve regional collaborative innovation development and improve national innovation ability. The extant studies mainly focus on the overall research of the construction, evaluation and evolution of the regional innovation ecosystem, and analyze the net effect of regional innovation elements on innovation performance by adopting traditional linear regression method. However, regional innovation ecosystem is a complex and dynamic whole, in which frequent cooperation and interaction is happened among various elements. The traditional net effect research can't analyze the non-linear relationship between the system and innovation performance, and also unable to clarify the interactive relationship between different elements. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the complex causal relationship between regional innovation ecosystem and innovation performance from a holistic perspective.
    Based on innovation-ecosystem perspective, this study constructs the analytical framework of regional innovation ecosystem from three aspects: innovation actor, innovation resource and innovation environment. To make up for the mismatch between the traditional methods and theories, this research applies the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA) method to carry out research, this method can not only explore the synergistic effect among multiple factors, but also identify the interactive relationship between conditions. Thus, taking 31 provinces in China as samples, this study explores the synergy mechanism of regional innovation ecosystem on innovation performance and the interactive relationship between innovation elements by employing fsQCA method.
    The results of this research show that: (1) The sufficient of human resource is a necessary condition for regions to achieve high innovation performance, and the lack of R&D expenditure is a necessary condition for generating non-high innovation performance. (2) There are four recipes that can stimulate high innovation performance, namely, knowledge innovation actor & human resource recipe, technology innovation actor & R&D expenditure recipe, knowledge innovation actor balanced recipe and technology innovation actor balanced recipe, which can be summarized into two synergistic innovation strategies: "actor & resource" dual driven type and "actor & resource & environment" balanced driven type. There are three recipes for generating non-high innovation performance, and there is an asymmetrical relationship with the recipes of high innovation performance. (3) Under certain conditions, there are substitutive relationships both between innovation actors and between each innovation actor and the combination of environmental elements in regional innovation ecosystem. (4) The innovation strategies of regional innovation ecosystem in China show significant spatial distribution characteristics, the eastern region mainly adopts "actor & resource & environment" balanced driven type, while the central and western regions mainly adopt "actor & resource" dual driven type.
    What's more, the study shows that: (1) This study introduces fsQCA method into the research of regional innovation ecosystem, which is helpful to enhance the understanding of innovation ecosystem theory in regional innovation research, and also contribute to deeply explore the synergy mechanism and the pathway diversity of the influence of regional innovation ecosystem on innovation performance. (2) This study discusses that under certain conditions, there are multiple substitutive relationships between innovation elements in the process of explaining regional innovation, which contributes to deepen the research on the symbiotic relationship between elements in regional innovation ecosystem. (3) This study demonstrates the important role of human resource and R&D expenditure in driving regional innovation performance, which helps to enrich the important connotation of resource-based view in the research of regional innovation ecosystem.
    This study provides some policy implications for improving regional innovation ability in Chinese context. First of all, innovation resources are the basic guarantee factors to drive innovation performance, policymakers should give priority to ensuring adequate supply of human resources and R&D expenditure. Secondly, considering the substitutive relationship between innovation elements, policymakers should choose appropriate innovation strategies that adapts to local development endowment. When the innovation environment is good, policymakers should choose "actor & resource & environment" balanced driven type, otherwise, "actor & resource" dual driven strategy should be adopted.
    For future research, first, it is meaningful to pay attention to the dynamic relationship between regional innovation ecosystem and innovation performance, which can be realized by introducing the dynamic QCA method with multi-period and multi-linear growth. Second, it will be helpful to provide a more fine-grained understanding on the causal complexity of regional innovation by integrating government support and innovation platform into the analysis framework, or refining the research objects to specific areas such as cities or high-tech zones.
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    Meaningful Innovation: Decision-making Framework, Cognitive Basis and Catch-up Path
    QU Guannan, WANG Luyao, CHEN Jin, GUO Bin
    2021, 42(07): 73-86. 
    Abstract ( 182 )  
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    The Path to Improve the Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine Invention Patents: An Empirical Study Based on the Perspective of Patent Agency
    ZHU Xuezhong, LI Yan
    2021, 42(07): 87-105. 
    Abstract ( 81 )  
    中医药;专利质量;专利委托代理;专利代理师
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    Can Management Humility Promote Firm R&D? A Study on Multiple Boundary Effect Based on the Perspective of Property Rights Nature
    ZHANG Jintao, LEI Xinghui, SU Taoyong
    2021, 42(07): 139-156. 
    Abstract ( 98 )  
    管理层谦卑;研发投入强度;产权性质;风险承担;行业竞争
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